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2016| October-December | Volume 8 | Issue 4
Online since
November 10, 2016
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ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Acute undifferentiated febrile illness in patients presenting to a Tertiary Care Hospital in South India: clinical spectrum and outcome
Kundavaram Paul Prabhakar Abhilash, Jonathan Arul Jeevan, Shubhanker Mitra, Nirvin Paul, Thimiri Palani Murugan, Ajay Rangaraj, Sandeep David, Samuel George Hansdak, John Antony Jude Prakash, Asha Mary Abraham, Prakash Ramasami, Sowmya Sathyendra, Thambu David Sudarsanam, George M Varghese
October-December 2016, 8(4):147-154
DOI
:10.4103/0974-777X.192966
PMID
:27942194
Background:
Acute undifferentiated febrile illness (AUFI) may have similar clinical presentation, and the etiology is varied and region specific.
Materials
and
Methods:
This prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary hospital in South India. All adult patients presenting with AUFI of 3-14 days duration were evaluated for etiology, and the differences in presentation and outcome were analyzed.
Results:
The study cohort included 1258 patients. A microbiological cause was identified in 82.5% of our patients. Scrub typhus was the most common cause of AUFI (35.9%) followed by dengue (30.6%), malaria (10.4%), enteric fever (3.7%), and leptospirosis (0.6%). Both scrub typhus and dengue fever peaked during the monsoon season and the cooler months, whereas no seasonality was observed with enteric fever and malaria. The mean time to presentation was longer in enteric fever (9.9 [4.7] days) and scrub typhus (8.2 [3.2] days). Bleeding manifestations were seen in 7.7% of patients, mostly associated with dengue (14%), scrub typhus (4.2%), and malaria (4.6%). The requirement of supplemental oxygen, invasive ventilation, and inotropes was higher in scrub typhus, leptospirosis, and malaria. The overall mortality rate was 3.3% and was highest with scrub typhus (4.6%) followed by dengue fever (2.3%). Significant clinical predictors of scrub typhus were breathlessness (odds ratio [OR]: 4.96; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.38-7.3), total whole blood cell count >10,000 cells/mm
3
(OR: 2.31; 95% CI: 1.64-3.24), serum albumin <3.5 g % (OR: 2.32; 95% CI: 1.68-3.2). Overt bleeding manifestations (OR: 2.98; 95% CI: 1.84-4.84), and a platelet count of <150,000 cells/mm
3
(OR: 2.09; 95% CI: 1.47-2.98) were independent predictors of dengue fever.
Conclusion:
The similarity in clinical presentation and diversity of etiological agents demonstrates the complexity of diagnosis and treatment of AUFI in South India. The etiological profile will be of use in the development of rational guidelines for control and treatment of AUFI.
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Prevalence of multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant, and pandrug-resistant
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
from a tertiary level Intensive Care Unit
JS Gill, Sunil Arora, SP Khanna, KVS Hari Kumar
October-December 2016, 8(4):155-159
DOI
:10.4103/0974-777X.192962
PMID
:27942195
Background:
Infection by
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
is common in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), leading to increased morbidity and mortality. The organism is classified into various phenotypes based on the drug resistance pattern, namely, drug-resistant (DR), multi-DR (MDR), extensively DR (XDR), and pan-DR (PDR). We aim to study the incidence of
P.
aeruginosa
phenotypes in a tertiary level ICU.
Materials
and
Methods:
We conducted this prospective, observational study for 2 years (January 2014-December 2015) and collected appropriate clinical samples (blood, urine, wound discharge, etc.,) from all the patients admitted to ICU. We excluded patients with known septicemia and
P.
aeruginosa
infection. Group 1 comprised a total 1915 patient samples and Group 2 comprised 100 active surveillance samples, collected from the medical staff and the hospital environment. The data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods, and a
P
< 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results:
We isolated 597 pathogenic bacteria out of 1915 specimens, giving a culture positivity rate of 31.2%.
Klebsiella
(43%),
Acinetobacter
(22%), and
P.
aeruginosa
(15%) were the top three isolated bacteria. None of the surveillance samples grew
P.
aeruginosa
. Antibiotic resistance studies revealed that 47.7% of
P.
aeruginosa
isolates were DR, 50% were MDR, and 2.3% were XDR phenotype. None of the strains showed PDR phenotype.
Conclusion:
Our data revealed a high prevalence of DR phenotypes of
P.
aeruginosa
in the ICU. Judicious use of antibiotics and strict infection control measures are essential to reduce the prevalence of drug resistance.
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5,644
220
Identification and Antifungal susceptibility testing of
Candida
species: A Comparison of Vitek-2 system with conventional and molecular methods
Ravinder Kaur, Megh Singh Dhakad, Ritu Goyal, Absarul Haque, Gauranga Mukhopadhyay
October-December 2016, 8(4):139-146
DOI
:10.4103/0974-777X.192969
PMID
:27942193
Background:
Candida
infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients; an accurate and early identification is a prerequisite need to be taken as an effective measure for the management of patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the conventional identification of
Candida
species with identification by Vitek-2 system and the antifungal susceptibility testing (AST) by broth microdilution method with Vitek-2 AST system.
Materials and Methods:
A total of 172
Candida
isolates were subjected for identification by the conventional methods, Vitek-2 system, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. AST was carried out as per the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M27-A3 document and by Vitek-2 system.
Results:
Candida
albicans
(82.51%) was the most common
Candida
species followed by
Candida
tropicalis
(6.29%),
Candida
krusei
(4.89%),
Candida
parapsilosis
(3.49%), and
Candida
glabrata
(2.79%). With Vitek-2 system, of the 172 isolates, 155
Candida
isolates were correctly identified, 13 were misidentified, and four were with low discrimination. Whereas with conventional methods, 171
Candida
isolates were correctly identified and only a single isolate of
C.
albicans
was misidentified as
C.
tropicalis
. The average measurement of agreement between the Vitek-2 system and conventional methods was >94%. Most of the isolates were susceptible to fluconazole (88.95%) and amphotericin B (97.67%). The measurement of agreement between the methods of AST was >94% for fluconazole and >99% for amphotericin B, which was statistically significant (
P
< 0.01).
Conclusion:
The study confirmed the importance and reliability of conventional and molecular methods, and the acceptable agreements suggest Vitek-2 system an alternative method for speciation and sensitivity testing of
Candida
species infections.
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EXPERT RECOMMENDATIONS
Consensus recommendation for India and Bangladesh for the use of pneumococcal vaccine in mass gatherings with special reference to Hajj pilgrims
Dilip Mathai, Abul Khair Mohammad Shamsuzzaman, Ahrar Ahmed Feroz, Amin R Virani, Ashfaq Hasan, KL Ravi Kumar, Khalid Ansari, Khandaker ATM Forhad Hossain, Mahesh Marda, MA Wahab Zubair, Mohammed Mukarram Ali, N Ashraf, Riyaz Basha, Shaeq Mirza, Shafeeq Ahmed, Shamim Akhtar, Syed Mustafa Ashraf, Zahirul Haque
October-December 2016, 8(4):129-138
DOI
:10.4103/0974-777X.193749
PMID
:27942192
Respiratory tract infections are prevalent among Hajj pilgrims with pneumonia being a leading cause of hospitalization.
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
is a common pathogen isolated from patients with pneumonia and respiratory tract infections during Hajj. There is a significant burden of pneumococcal disease in India, which can be prevented. Guidelines for preventive measures and adult immunization have been published in India, but the implementation of the guidelines is low. Data from Bangladesh are available about significant mortality due to respiratory infections; however, literature regarding guidelines for adult immunization is limited. There is a need for extensive awareness programs across India and Bangladesh. Hence, there was a general consensus about the necessity for a rapid and urgent implementation of measures to prevent respiratory infections in pilgrims traveling to Hajj. About ten countries have developed recommendations for pneumococcal vaccination in Hajj pilgrims: France, the USA, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, the UAE (Dubai Health Authority), Singapore, Malaysia, Egypt, and Indonesia. At any given point whether it is Hajj or Umrah, more than a million people are present in the holy places of Mecca and Madina. Therefore, the preventive measures taken for Hajj apply for Umrah as well. This document puts forward the consensus recommendations by a group of twenty doctors following a closed-door discussion based on the scientific evidence available for India and Bangladesh regarding the prevention of respiratory tract infections in Hajj pilgrims.
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EDITORIAL
State of the globe: Acute febrile encephalopathy
Avinash Agarwal, Manish Gutch, Sukriti Kumar, Shuchi Agrawal
October-December 2016, 8(4):127-128
DOI
:10.4103/0974-777X.193748
PMID
:27942191
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3,408
74
LETTERS TO EDITOR
Comment on: A case of
Aerococcus urinae
vertebral osteomyelitis
Erik Senneby
October-December 2016, 8(4):160-160
DOI
:10.4103/0974-777X.192964
PMID
:27942196
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45
Hepatitis A vaccine response in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: The interchangeability of single dose versus double: A prospective look
Jason Dazley, Raymund Sison, Humberto Jimenez, Jihad Slim
October-December 2016, 8(4):161-162
DOI
:10.4103/0974-777X.192965
PMID
:27942197
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3,882
45
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© 2008 Journal of Global Infectious Diseases | Published by Wolters Kluwer -
Medknow
Online since 10
th
December, 2008